Malnutrition

 

Malnutrition Overview.

Malnutrition

There are two main types of malnutrition: undernutrition and overnutrition. Undernutrition occurs when a person does not get enough essential nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, and minerals, which can lead to stunted growth, weakened immunity, and even death. Overnutrition, on the other hand, occurs when a person consumes too many calories or nutrients, leading to obesity and other health problems such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

Malnutrition can be caused by various factors, including poverty, food insecurity, limited access to healthcare, and poor dietary habits. It can also be exacerbated by disease, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.

Preventing malnutrition requires a combination of approaches, including improving access to nutritious foods, promoting healthy dietary habits, providing medical care and education, and addressing social and economic factors that contribute to malnutrition. Treatment may include nutritional counseling, dietary supplements, and in severe cases, hospitalization and medical intervention.

Vital Signs of General Examination

 

Vital Signs Examination

Vital signs for general examination

1. Blood pressure: This measures the force of blood against the walls of the arteries. Normal blood pressure is typically considered to be around 120/80 mmHg.

2. Heart rate: This is the number of times your heart beats per minute. The normal heart rate for adults is typically between 60 and 100 beats per minute.

3. Respiratory rate: This is the number of breaths you take per minute. The normal respiratory rate for adults is typically between 12 and 20 breaths per minute.

4. Temperature: This measures the body's internal temperature. Normal body temperature is typically around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius).

5. Oxygen saturation: This measures the amount of oxygen in your blood. Normal oxygen saturation is typically above 95%.

These vital signs can provide important information about a person's overall health and help healthcare professionals make a diagnosis or monitor a person's condition.

Types of Diabetes

 

T1D vs T2D

Type-1 vs Type-2 DM

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, people with T1D have little or no insulin in their bodies, which is necessary to regulate blood sugar levels. This means that people with T1D must take insulin injections or use an insulin pump to survive. T1D typically develops during childhood or adolescence, but it can occur at any age.

Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This is often related to lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet. Unlike T1D, T2D can often be managed through lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, but some people may also require medication or insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.

In summary, T1D is an autoimmune disease that requires insulin therapy for survival, while T2D is often related to lifestyle factors and can often be managed through lifestyle changes and/or medication.

Common Rx for DM Type-2

 

Type-2 DM treatment

Common treatment procedure for Type-2 DM

Here are some common treatment procedures for Type 2 DM:

1. Lifestyle modifications: These include regular exercise, maintaining a healthy diet, and losing weight if overweight or obese. A healthy diet should consist of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. It is also important to avoid foods high in sugar, saturated fats, and trans fats.

2. Medications: There are several types of medications used to treat Type 2 DM, including:

• Metformin: This is usually the first-line medication for Type 2 DM. It helps to lower blood glucose levels by reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver.

• Sulfonylureas: These medications help to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin.

• DPP-4 inhibitors: These medications help to increase insulin production and decrease glucose production.

• GLP-1 receptor agonists: These medications help to increase insulin production and decrease glucose production. They also help to reduce appetite and promote weight loss.

• SGLT2 inhibitors: These medications help to lower blood glucose levels by causing the kidneys to excrete more glucose in the urine.

3. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels: It is important to monitor blood glucose levels regularly to ensure they remain within the target range. This can be done using a blood glucose meter or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system.

4. Management of other health conditions: People with Type 2 DM are at increased risk of developing other health conditions, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. These conditions should be managed through lifestyle modifications and medications as needed.

5. Education and support: Education and support are important for people with Type 2 DM to manage their condition effectively. This may include working with a diabetes educator, attending support groups, and staying up to date with the latest research and treatment options.