Solid Dispersion to enhance solubility of Fenofibrate:-

Preparation of Solid Dispersion:

A solid dispersion is the dispersion of one or more active ingredients in an inert carrier at

solid-state prepared by melting (fusion), solvent or the melting-solvent method, where the

active ingredients could exist in finely crystalline, solubilized, or amorphous states". The

method of preparation of solid dispersions was based on the solvent evaporation

method. In the solvent evaporation method of preparation, Fenofibrate, the drug solution was

prepared by using drug (40 mg), solvent (Ethanol: Methanol, 4:5) and polymer (PEG 6000,

PVP, Poloxomer 188, Poloxomer 407, HPMC 6cps and Mannitol. The polymers have been

used as carriers with Fenofibrate in various (Drug:Carrier) ratio such as, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:7 and

1:10 and finally the solvent was evaporated by a dryer at 50-60°C. The solid dispersions were

withdrawn from vials, crushed in mortar and pestle then passed through sieve (first 40 mesh

and the 80 mesh). Then the resulted samples were weighed and transferred in fresh vials with

proper labeling. After preparation solid dispersions were kept in the dessicator.

In vitro Dissolution Study of Solid Dispersion

The release rate of fenofibrate from solid dispersion were carried out in dissolution test

apparatus Paddle type II (Electrolab, India) at rotation speed of 75 rpm was used for the

study. Dissolution of the drug and solid dispersion was carried out on an equivalent of 40 mg

of the Fenofibrate in 900 ml 0.75% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in distilled water as

dissolution media and the temperature was maintained at 37°C+0.5°C. At different interval

(5-60 min) samples were collected (US FDA Dissolution Methods) and assayed by UV

spectrophotometer. To increase the reliability of the observations, the dissolution studies

were performed in triplicate.

Characterization of Drug & Solid Dispersion by FT-IR Study

Fourier Transform- Infra Red spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of pure Fenofibrate and prepared

solid dispersions were recorded on Shimadzu FT-IR. Potassium bromide pellet method was

employed and background spectrum was collected under identical situation. The powdered

sample was intimately mixed with dry powdered potassium bromide. The mixture was then

compressed into transparent disc under high pressure using special dies. The disc was placed

in IR spectrophotometer using sample holder and spectrum was recorded. Each spectrum was

derived from single average scans collected in the region 400-4000 cm'at spectral resolution

of 4cm' and ratio against background interferogram. Spectra were analyzed by software

supplied by Shimadzu. In this study, potassium bromide disc method was employed.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In Vitro Dissolution Study of solid dispersion

The present study was aimed to observe release pattern of drug from the solid dispersion by

using different carriers which generally change the nature of the insoluble drug to amorphous

form and help to enhance the rate of drug release. The complete comparative study of pure

Fenofibrate and prepared formulations of solid dispersions were observed where the rate of

dissolution was found increased in all the solid dispersions compared to pure Fenofibrate.

Solid dispersions with all the carrier used showed their highest release (65.77% to 93.74%) in

the maximum drug-carrier ratio of 1:10 (Figure 1). Solid dispersions prepared with

Poloxamer 188 showed fastest and the maximum release (93.74%) among all (Figure 2) and

then formulations with PVP, HPMC, Poloxamer 407, Mannitol showed their release

enhancement (82.87%, 76.50%, 88.14%, 88.21% and 65.77% respectively). This is to be

noted that micronized pure Fenofibrate showed its release of only 23.60% after 60 minutes of

dissolution study

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Covid 19 Preparedness :-

COVID 19 Preparedness Document:

9th June 2020

***Experimental therapies:

At present, use of these therapies is based on a limited available evidence

As the situation evolves, and when more data become available, the evidence will be accordingly incorporated,

and recommendation upgraded

Further, use of these drugs is subjected to limited availability in the country as of now

Currently, these drugs should only be used in a defined subgroup of patients:

.

Remdesivir may be considered in patients with moderate disease (those on oxygen) (Under Emergency Use

Authorization only) with none of the following contraindications

O AST/ALT >5 times Upper limit of normal (ULN)

o Severe renal impairment (.e., eGFR <30ml/min/m'or need for hemodialysis)

o Pregnancy or lactating females

Children (< 12 years of age)

Dose: 200 mg IV on day 1 followed by 100 mg IV daily for 5 days

Convalescent plasma may be considered in patients with moderate disease Off label use) who are not

improving (oxygen requirement is

ment is progressively increasing) despite use of steroids. Special prerequisites

while considering convalescent plasma include

o ABO compatibility and cross matching of the donor plasma

o Neutralizing titer of donor plasma should be above the specific threshold

o Recipient should be closely monitored for several hours post transfusion for any

transfusion related adverse events

o Use should be avoided in patients with IgA deficiency or immunoglobulin allergy

Dose: Dose is variable ranging from 4 to 13 ml/kg (usually 200 ml single dose given slowly over

not less than 2 hours)

Tocilizumab may be considered in patients with moderate disease Off label use with progressively

increasing oxygen requirements and in mechanically ventilated patients not improving despite use of steroids.

Special considerations before its use include

o Presence of raised inflammatory markers (e.g., CRP, Ferritin, IL-6)

o Long term safety data in COVID 19 remains largely unknown

Patients should be carefully monitored post Tocilizumab for secondary infections and

neutropenia

Dose: 8mg/kg (maximum 800 mg at one time) given slowly in 100 ml NS over 1 hour; dose can be

repeated once after 24 hours if needed

#COVID 19 Preparedness Document #

9th June 2020

**Other repurposed or off-label therapies:

(1) Hydroxychloroquine: This drug has demonstrated in vitro activity against SARS-CoV2 and was shown to be

clinically beneficial in several small single center studies though with significant limitations. Nonetheless, several large

observational studies with severe methodologic limitations have shown effect on mortality or other clinically

meaningful outcomes. As such, the evidence base behind its use remains limited as with other drugs and should only be

used after shared decision making with the patients while awaiting the results of ongoing studies. As is the case with other

antivirals, this drug should be used as early in the disease course as possible to achieve any meaningful effects and should

be avoided in patients with severe disease.

Dose: 400 mg BD on day 1 followed by 400mg daily for next 4 days

(2) Corticosteroids: The use of steroids is largely extrapolated from its use in non-COVID 19 ARDS along with several

observational studies in COVID 19; one of these studies demonstrated beneficial outcomes if given early in patients with

moderate disease. Thus, the evidence behind its use remains limited and potential adverse events use should be carefully

weighted before administration,

Dose: In moderate disease - 0.5 to 1mg/kg for 3 days in two divided doses

In severe disease-1to 2mg/kg for 5 to 7 days in two divided doses, if not already given.

Disclaimer:

This is a living document that will be updated in real time as more data emerge. The

document contains some potential off label/experimental use of medications and is based on

a consensus of experts along with the available evidence. An informed and shared decision

making is essential before prescribing any of these therapies.

করােনা পরামর্শঃঃ-
ডায়াবেটিস রােগীদের করণীয়-

পৃথিবী আজ করােনাভাইরাসের (কোভিড-১৯) মহামারীতে আক্রান্ত বিপর্যস্ত। এটি
সার্স কোভ-২ ভাইরাস দ্বারা সংঘটিত এবং মারাত্মক ছোঁয়াচে রােগ। যে কোনাে
মানুষই করােনাভাইরাসের শিকার হতে পারেন; তবে ডায়াবেটিসের মতাে দীর্ঘস্থায়ী
রােগে ভােগা লােকদের এ ঝুঁকি অনেক গুণ বেশি। হার্ট ফেইলার, কিডনি ফেইলার,
হাঁপানি ইত্যাদিতে যারা ভুগছেন, তারাও অতিরিক্ত ঝুঁকি নিয়ে চলছেন। ডায়াবেটিস
রােগীদের রােগ প্রতিরােধ ক্ষমতা কমে যায়, রােগ হলে তার সঙ্গে লড়াই করার
সক্ষমতা হ্রাস পায়। ফলে একইসঙ্গে বসবাস করা অন্যান্য মানুষের তুলনায়
ডায়াবেটিস থাকলে আপনি চট করেই এ ভাইরাসে আক্রান্ত হবেন। যাদের বয়স
৬৫ বছরের বেশি, তারা করােনাভাইরাসের সহজ শিকার হতে পারেন।
ডায়াবেটিস রােগীদের ডায়াবেটিসের নিয়ন্ত্রণের মাত্রা (এইচবিএওয়ানসি)
সঠিকভাবে করােনাভাইরাসে আক্রান্ত হওয়ার ঝুঁকি বােঝাতে সহায়তা করতে পারে।
অর্থাৎ যার ডায়াবেটিসের নিয়ন্ত্রণ যত খারাপ (এইচবিএওয়ানসি যত বেশি) তার
রােগে ভােগার আশঙ্কা তত বেশি। বাংলাদেশের প্রায় ৮০ শতাংশ ডায়াবেটিস
রােগীর রক্তের গ্লুকোজ লক্ষ্যমাত্রার চেয়ে বেশি (তাদের সবাই ভাইরাস সংক্রমণের
বাড়তি ঝুঁকিতে)। আবার যারা অনেক বছর ধরে ডায়াবেটিস নিয়েই বেঁচে আছেন,
তাদের রােগ প্রতিরােধ ক্ষমতাও পর্যদস্ত। সবচেয়ে নাজুক অবস্থায় আছেন যেসব
ডায়াবেটিস রােগীর কিডনির কর্মক্ষমতা হ্রাস পেয়েছে, একই সঙ্গে হৃদযন্ত্রও যথেষ্ট
রক্ত পরিসঞ্চালনে ব্যর্থ এবং রক্তের গ্লুকোজ
বেশি। বরাবরের মতােই সব ডায়াবেটিস
রােগীর রক্তের গ্লুকোজ লক্ষ্যমাত্রায় নিয়ে আসা
অতীব জরুরি এবং যারা মুখে সেবনের ওষুধ
নির্ভরতা কমিয়ে ইনসুলিন দিয়ে চিকিৎসা
নেবেন, তারা বেশি সুবিধাপ্রাপ্ত হবেন।
করােনাভাইরাস মহামারীতে ডায়াবেটিস
রােগীর আশু করণীয় হল— ১. করােনাভাইরাস সংক্রমণের সামান্যতম লক্ষণ দেখা
দিলেই সরকার-নির্দেশিত কেন্দ্রগুলােতে রােগ শনাক্তকরণ এবং পরবর্তী সেবার জন্য
দ্রুত চলে যাওয়া। ২. কালক্ষেপণ না করে অতি সত্বর রক্তের গ্লুকোজ লক্ষ্যমাত্রায়
নিয়ে (এইচবিএওয়ানসি <৭ শতাংশ) যাওয়ার উদ্যোগ নেয়া। ৩. যদি উপসর্গ থেকে
থাকে (জ্বর, কাশি) তাহলে নিজেকে নিজে আলাদা করাই সবচেয়ে ভালাে। শরীর
বেশি খারাপ না হলে হাসপাতালে না যাওয়াই ভালাে। ৮০ শতাংশ মানুষ কোনাে
হাসপাতালে ভর্তি ছাড়াই ভালাে হয়ে যাবে। ১৪ দিন নিজেকে আইসােলেট করে
রাখবেন। ৪০. বয়স্ক লােকজনের মধ্যে মৃত্যুর হার সবচেয়ে বেশি। বয়স্ক কেউ অসুস্থ
হলে হাসপাতালে ভর্তি করা উচিত, কারণ তাদের অনেকেরই আইসিইউ সাপাের্ট
লাগবে। ৫. স্যানিটাইজার ভালাে হলেও বাজারের অধিকাংশ স্যানিটাইজারে পর্যাপ্ত
পরিমাণ অ্যালকোহল নেই (পান করার অ্যালকোহল নয়)। সাবান দিয়ে হাত ধুবেন,
বেশি বেশি ধুবেন। অতিরিক্ত করতে চাইলে বরং হেক্সাসল টাইপের কিছু ব্যবহার
করুন। ঘরের বাইরে স্যানিটাইজার ব্যবহার করলেও মুখে হাত দেবেন না, যতক্ষণ
কোথাও গিয়ে হাত ধুতে পারবেন। ৬. বিদেশ ফেরত বন্ধু বা আত্মীয়কে কমপক্ষে
২ সপ্তাহ কোয়ারেন্টিন (সঙ্গনিরােধ) করে দিন। ভালাে হলে ভালাে। কোনাে রকম
কাশি/জ্বর বা গলাব্যথা হলে গৃহে বিচ্ছিন্ন হয়ে থেকে সরকারি হট লাইনে যােগাযােগ
করতে হবে। প্রয়ােজন সাপেক্ষে নির্ধারিত হাসপাতালে ভর্তি হয়ে চিকিৎসা নিতে
হবে। ৭. বড় সমাবেশ/লােক সমাগম থেকে দূরে থাকা বাধ্যতামূলক। কোনাে
কনফারেন্স বা পার্টিতে যাবেন না। ৮. বাসায় বা ঘরে থাকুন, নিরাপদ থাকুন।

Mechanism of effective vaccine invention by macrophages of apoptotic cells highly infected by SAR-CoV-2 Virus(Corona virus):-     


CSL chief scientific officer professor Andrew
Cuthbertson said: “CSL will contribute to UQ's
promising vaccine with our proprietary
adjuvant, MF59, made by Seqirus, along with
expertise in process science and scale-up
from our Australian facilities, managing
advanced clinical trials and the large-scale
manufacture of the recombinant vaccine.
“Should trials be successful, this vaccine holds
the potential to provide protection against this
urgent public health emergency for
Australians and those around the world
vulnerable to this devastating virus.”
CEPI partnered with UQ in January last year to
provide up to $10.6m to create a rapid
response “molecular clamp” vaccine platform.
The partnership was extended this January to
use the molecular clamp vaccine platform to
develop a Covid-19 vaccine candidate. UQ
plans to advance the vaccine candidate into a
Phase I clinical trial next month.The vaccine will be available in the begining of next year.

Tracking Covid -19  by Mobile Apps:

Late last week Apple and Google caused
a stir with the announcement that they
would work together on COVID-19
contact-tracing technology.
For Android users, updates will be
directly available from Google Play.Apple
and Google are to join forces to launch
application programming interfaces
(APIs) to make it possible to trace the
transmission of the virus.The goal is to
ensure that all smartphones, regardless
of whether they run on Android or iOS,
will be able to communicate with each
other, via a simple Bluetooth connection
with a view to offering their owners up-
to-date information on their levels of
exposure to infection.

Social Distancing but not the Environmental factors can control spreading of Covid-19:

According to a Canadian study, researchers compared the
number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the United
States, Canada and other countries on March 20 and
again on March 27, to determine the effect of latitude,
temperature, humidity, school closures, restrictions of
mass gatherings, and social distancing on the spread
of the disease. They looked at a total of more than
375,600 confirmed COVID-19 cases.
The results showed little or no association between
latitude or temperature with a rise in COVID-19 cases
and a weak association between humidity and fewer cases.
But school closures, social distancing and restrictions
of large gatherings have helped control cases,
according to the researchers.

Pharmacist's Blog : How does Vitamin-D boost up the immune system:Nea...

Pharmacist's Blog : How does Vitamin-D boost up the immune system:
Nea...: How does Vitamin-D boost up the immune system: Nearly all immune cells have vitamin D receptors, showing vitamin D interacts with the...

Covid-19 Preventive Tips:

 

The main sources of vitamin D are sunshine, fatty fish, egg yolks, fish liver oils, fortified

foods and supplements.

As Supplements You can take to ensure prevention Against COVID-19.

Rx.

1.Cap.Vital-D /Cap. D-Rise -800IU

(1+0+1).......1Month.

Clinical Features of Covid-19 with the percentage of infected populations are as follows :-

Fever (87.9%),

Dry cough (67.7%),

Fatigue (38.1%),

Sputum production (33.4%),

Shortness of breath (18.6%),

Sore throat (13.9%),

Headache (13.6%),

Myalgia or arthralgia (14.8%),

Chills (11.4%),

Nausea or vomiting (5.0%),

Nasal congestion (4.8%),

Diarrhea (3.7%), and

Hemoptysis (0.9%), and

Conjunctival congestion (0.8%)

ARDS (3%)

Abnormalities on chest X-ray (59%)

Radiological findings on chest CT scan (86%)

Importance of Vitamin-D for well being:-

Vitamin D is essential for bone health and many other aspects of health.

A deficiency is incredibly common, and may have severe health consequences for many

people.

If you're thinking about adding more vitamin D to your diet, consider the following factors:

• If you live somewhere where there is sun year-round, then you may not need extra vitamin

D as long as you make sure to get enough sun.

If you do not have access to the sun, then vitamin D3 supplements of 1000-4000 IU

(25-100 micrograms) should be enough for most people.

The only way to know if you actually need to take a vitamin D supplement is to have your

blood levels measured.

At the end of the day, vitamin D is highly important. Correcting a deficiency is simple, cheap

and can have immense health benefits.

How does Vitamin-D boost up the immune system:

Nearly all immune cells have vitamin D receptors, showing vitamin D

interacts with the immune system.

The active vitamin D hormone, calcitriol, helps regulate both the

innate and adaptive immune systems, our first and second lines of defence against pathogens.

And vitamin D deficiency is associated with immune dysregulation, a

breakdown or change in the control of immune system processes.

Many of the ways calcitriol affects the immune system are directly

relevant to our ability to defend against viruses.

For example, calcitriol triggers the production of cathelicidin and

other defensins – natural antivirals capable of preventing the virus

from replicating and entering a cell.

Calcitriol can also increase the number of a particular type of immune

cell (CD8+ T cells), which play a critical role in clearing acute viral

infections (such as influenza) in the lungs.

Calcitriol also suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, molecules

secreted from immune cells which, as their name suggests, promote inflammation. 

Some scientists have suggested vitamin D might help to alleviate the "cytokine storm” described in the most severe COVID-19

cases.